Meeting 1

Tenses

            Tense is the form of an action with respective time. Tenses help us to use sentences well, especially the use of the verb.In the rules of English, the verb has three forms and each form is used according to the time it occurs.the form of time in tenses, which are used to express an event, can be classified into 3 types, namely:

• Past Tense 
• Present Tense 
• Future Tense

Simple Present Tense

The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes called present indefinite).

(+) She Studies English tonight

Formula : Subject + verb 1 (+ s/es) + Object or subject + to be (is am are) + Predicate

(-) She does not (doesn’t) study English tonight

Formula : subject + do/ does not+ verb 1 +.... or subject + to be (is am are) + not + Predicate

(?) Does she study english tonight

Formula : do/does + subject + verb 1 + object? or to be (is am are) + subject + Predicate

( Wh?) Whose book is on the table

Formula : Whose/which + noun + be (is, am ,are)

(how ?) How slowly does she walk?

Formula : How +adverb +do/does +S +bare infinitve

Present Continous

The present continuous tense is used for actions happening now or for an action that is unfinished. This tense is also used when the action is temporary.

(+) he is buying some pens in that store

Formula: subject + be (is am are) + verb ing + Object

(-) he is not buying some pens in that store

Formula: subject + be (is am are) + not + verb ing + object

(?) is he buying some pens in that store ?

Formula: be (is am are) + verb ing + object + ?

(Wh ?) Who is sleeping in my room ?

Formula : who/what +be (is, am ,are)+ present particle

(how ?) How are they traveling?

Formula: how+Be (is, am, are)+ Present Particle

Present Perfect tense

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

(+) They have lived in jakarta for a long time

Formula: i/you/they/we + have + verb 3 or he/she/it + has + verb 3

(-) They have not lived in jakarta for along time

Formula: i/you/they/we + have + not + verb 3 or he/she/it + has + not + verb 3

(?) Have they lived in jakarta for along time?

Formula: have + i/you/they/we + verb 3 or has + he/she/it + verb 3

(Wh?) Who has studied english for a year?

Formula Who/what + has + Past particle

How many times have they visited Bali?

Formula :how long/many times+ have/has+ S + past particle

Present Perfect Continous

The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

(+) She has been driving

Formula : subject + have/has + been + verb ing

(-) She has not been driving

Formula : subject + have/has + not + been + verb ing

(?) Has she been driving

Formula : have/has + subject + been + verb ing

(Wh?) What have they been been doing for the last hour?

Formula :what/who + have/has + S + Been + present particle

(how ?) How long has she been sleeping?

Formula: how long+ Have/has+ S +been +Present particle

Past tense

Simple past tense

The simple past tense is used to indicate or describe something that happened or existed in the past. The situations or conditions to use a simple past tense is to:

• describe an action, event or condition that occurred in the past or at a specified time 
• refer or describe an action that has been completed and there is no time mentioned. 
• describe an action or occurrence of an event that is done repeatedly and regularly. 
• describe a state of mind in the past or a feeling that was felt in the past. 
• refer to someone who has died 
• describe events that have occurred in quick succession in the past.

 

Formulating the Simple Past Tense Verb

To formulate the simple past tense verb, we add ‘- ed’. For verbs ending in ‘e’, we add ‘-d’ and. However, there are some simple past tense verbs such as cut, put, set etc which remain the same in the present and past tense.

Example:

(+)Diaz sent a message to Haura last Saturday.

(-) Haura did not get what she expected from diaz last week.

(?) Did diaz and jamal do the English exam three days ago?

(?) Where did diaz go last week?

(?) how could diaz pass the exam yesterday?

Past perfect

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense in a sentence or conversation describes an event that happened in the past before another event in the simple past tense was completed in the past. The situations where a Past Perfect Tense is used are to:

• indicate an event that has occurred and been completed in the past. Example: Meenu had borrowed money from the bank to buy her new car. 
• describe an event or action which happened before a definite time in the past. Example: We had cleaned up the terrace before the watchman arrived. 
• describe an action that happened in the past before another action took place. Example: We had reached their house after the dinner was over.

Past Perfect Tense is also used to describe a state. Example: Their wives had become good friends at the wedding. A very important use of the Past Perfect Tense is that it is used to clarify which event happened earlier when two actions were completed in the past. Example: I had read those books that you bought for me.

Formulating the Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is formed with the past tense of the auxiliary verb have i.e which is had and the past participle of the main verb.

Example:

(+) Diaz had studied English before he came to my house.

(-)  I didn’t know who he was. I had never seen him before.

(?) had you been there before I came? 

(?) what had she finished setting when the guests came over? 

(?) how many times had diaz changed his mind before selling his car?

Past continuous          

Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is used to indicate an ongoing event in the past. Other conditions where past continuous tense is used are:

• To show that someone is in the middle of an action. Example: I was calling him when he came home. 
• Is used to describe an action taking place when another occurred. Example: While they were painting the door, I was painting the windows. 
• For an action that was taking place in the past when an interrupted action happened.  Example: While he was working on his laptop, he fell asleep.

Formulating the Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is formed using the past tense of the verb to be(was/were) and the present participle verbs ending in -‘ing’.  These two tenses can be used together to indicate that an action happened while another was in progress.

Example:

(+) I was praying when you came to my house yesterday.

(-) we weren’t playing outside when his father called him.

(?) was diaz reading a book at 4 P.M. yesterday?

(?) which book were they reading in the library at 10 A.M.?

(?) how fast was diaz driving when you called him? 

Simple Future Tense

Application:

For expressing about do an activity in the future 

Example  :

Positive sentence

It will rain tomorrow.

Negative sentence

I won't leave until I've seen the manager !

  

Yes or no question

Q : Will you come to the dance with me?

A : Yes, I will  atau  No, I won’t

Wh- ?

Why is the manager going to meet the clien next week?

  

How ?

How we will finish the homework ?

Future Continuous Tense

Application:

For expressing about an activity that will be on going in the future or unfinished activity

 

Example  :

Positive Sentence

He will be studying at my house tonight

Negative Sentence

I will not be playing basketball at 9 am tomorrow

Yes or no question

Q : Will you be bringing some food to my house tonight?

A : Yes, I will  atau  No, I won’t

Wh- ?

Who will be playing football in the field at 4 pm ?

How ?

How many times will you be playing football ?

Future Perfect Tense

Application:

For expressing about an activity what will happened when other activities go on in the future

Contoh :

Positif Sentence

You will have finished your report by this time next week.

Negative Sentence

We will not have eaten

Yes or no question

Q : Will you have finished your homework by tomorrow ?

A : Yes, I will  atau  No, I won’t

Wh- ?

Which car will you have driven tomorrow morning ?

 

How ?

How will you eaten tomorrow ?

The Use of Some and Any

Some expresses a positive sentence and quantifier.

Example : my mother have some bags

Any expresses a negative or introgative sentence and quantifier.

Example : i don’t have any money

The Use of Much, Many, and A Lot Of

Many expresses a countable noun.

Example : many of student is enjoyed the class

Much expresses a uncountable noun.

Example : he drinks much water

A lot of expresses a countable and uncountable noun.

Example : She has visited a lot of campus

The Use of Adjective

The function of adjective is to explain noun and pronoun.

Example : Yudha is a dilligent student.

The Use of Compround Sentences Using The Connective

Complex sentences is a sentences that have main clause and have at least one dependent clause.

Example : The computer which on the table is mine

 

The Use of Articles

a , an, the – (no articles)

Example :

A pen is mine

An ant eat sugar

The doctor work on hospital

And (addition)

Example :

We stayed at home and watched tv

But

Example :

My father is handsome but i don’t

Or ( Choice or Alternativ )

Example :

Do you like rice or noodle?

So ( Cause and Effect )

Example :

I felt a bit chilly, so i put on a jacket

For ( Cause )

Example :

She have much money for she can buy many things

Reference

Cicilia, Nababan.dkk.2005.”Kamus lengkap”.semarang, Sarjana

Wold smile (2019) Present tense [online] available from:  https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-Formula-contoh-kalimat-simple-present-tense  [accesed 27/03/2019]

EF (2019) Future Perfect Tense [online] available from :  https://www.ef.co.id/panduan-bahasa-inggris/tata-bahasa-inggris/future-perfect-tense/  [accesed 27/03/2019]

EF (2019) Simple Future Tense [online] available from :  https://www.ef.co.id/panduan-bahasa-inggris/tata-bahasa-inggris/simple-future-tense/ [accesed 27/03/2019]

EF (2019) Future Continuous Tense [online] available from :  https://www.ef.co.id/panduan-bahasa-inggris/tata-bahasa-inggris/future-continuous-tense/ [accesed 27/03/2019]

TOPPR    (2019)   simple past, past continuous, past perfect    [online]    available from  : https://www.toppr.com/guides/english/tenses/past-tense/  [accesed 27/03/2019]