Gerund
A gerund is a noun that is formed from a
verb, ending in “ing.” When considering gerunds,
remember: A gerund always ends
with “-ing.” A gerund is always
a noun.
Verb + Gerund Phase
My favorite activity is
playing some video game
Reading is not his
hobby
I hate waiting
They dissccussed an
article about telling the truth
Infinitive
The infinitive is the base form of a
verb. In English, when we talk about the infinitive we are usually referring to
the present infinitive, which is the most common. There are, however, four
other forms of the infinititive: the perfect infinitive, the perfect continuous infinitive, the continuous infinitive, &the passive infinitive.
Verb
+ Infinitive phase
To survive in the big city is my hope
He want to come tomorrow
His dream is to win the contest
The best time to call him is at night
Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after,
in, to, on, and with. Prepositions
are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship
between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Verb + Preposition phase
He had a difficulty with performing
mental calculation
This book is based on true story
Get over it
Were about to run out of palm sugar
Adjective + Infinitive
We were surprised to see you tonight
Im so proud to be part of this team
Its imposible to pass the test without
studiying
Your boss was upset to hear that you
were leaving the company
Affirmative Agreemen
When indicating that one person pr thing does something
and then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too. To avoid
needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the
conjunction and followed by a simple
statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on
whether so or too is u
A. When a form of the verb be is used in
the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement
that follows.
- affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
- affirmative statement (be) + and + so + verb (be) + subject
(I am happy. You are happy)
- I am happy and you are too
- I am happy and so are you
B. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for
example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc.
occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple
statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
- Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
- Affirmative statement + and + so + auxiliary only + subject
(They will work in the lab tomorrow. You
will work in the lab tomorrow.)
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
C. When any verb except be appears without
any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is
used in simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be
the same.
- Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
- (single verb except be) so + do, does, or did + subject
(Jane goes to that school. My sister goes
to school)
- Jane goes to school and my sister does too
- Jane goes to school and so does my sister
Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple statements much like so
and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are
used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
- Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
- Negative statement + and + neither + positive auxiliary + subject
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and John didn’t either
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither did John
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have .
Commands
A command is
an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be
preceded by please. The understood subject
is you. Use the simple form of the verb.
- Close the door!
- leave the room!
- Please turn off
the light!
- Open your book!
A. Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the
verb.
- Don’t
close the door!
- Please don’t turn off the light
B. Indirect
commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or sayare used to indicate an
indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
- Jack asked Jill to turn off the light
- The policeman ordered the
suspect to be quite
C. Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect command negative, add the particle not before
the infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb
in infinitive)
-The teacher told Christopher not to open the window
-Please tell Jeime not to leave the
room.
Present Ability
Ability
can be expressed using modal verbs and phrases. Present ability to talk about
someone’s skill or general abilities. We used “can, be able” to in the
sentence.
Formula
:
-
Subject + to be + able
to + verb
-
Subject + can + verb
Examples
:
-
She can play a piano.
-
Thomas is able to play
a guitar.
-
Ana can make a
chessecake.
Past Ability
Ability
can be expressed using modal verbs and phrases. Past ability to talk about
someone’s skill or general abilities in the past time. We used “could, was be
able” to in the sentence.
Formula
:
-
Subject + was/ were
able to + verb
-
Subject + could + verb
Examples :
-
Intan was able to
dance when she was young.
-
He could run fast when
he was in senior high school
-
Budi could make a good
coffe when he was worked in coffe shop
Present Possibility
Formula
:
Subject
+ May/Might/ + Verb
Examples
:
-
I may eat dinner at 8:00
pm.
-
Andi might work late
tonight.
-
Gita may come here
tomorrow.
Past
Possibility
Formula
:
Subject
+ Might + perfect infinitive
Examples
:
-
Hadi might have
brought the cake.
-
Ani may have gone home
early.
-
They could have worked
late.
Asking for
permission
About
to ask approval to people to do or permission
Examples
:
-
Can I open the window
?
-
May I go to toilet ?
-
Can we borrow your
soccer ball ?
Asking for
giving permission
Examples
:
-
You can go home
-
You may borrow his
guitar
-
You may do that
Request
Examples
:
-
Can you open the door
?
-
Could you give me that
pen ?
-
Would you mind if I
ask your help ?
Obligation
Examples :
-
You should save your
money
-
You should read
correctly
-
You should make some
food
Advisability
-
What should I do ?
-
You sould exercise
every day
-
You should eat healthy
food
Necessity
Examples
:
-
He has to attend the
meeting tomorrow
-
Do I have to attend
the meeting tomorrow ?
-
You must be carefull
Prohibition
Examples :
-
You mustn't use your
phone in class
-
You mustn't go to
forest alone
-
You mustn't bring a
gun in train
Adjectives
- Before a noun
Ex: a yellow balloon
- After be and linking verb
Look at the examples below: Keila is a shopaholic.
- As an objective complement
Example: I call my dog Badger.
A verb that has an objective complement in the active voice may in the passive voice have a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective
Examples: My dog is called Badger by me. I consider my dog smart. My dog is considered smart by me.
- After something, everything etc.
Ex: I heard something interesting today. (NOT I heard interesting something today.)
- Modifying a verb
He looks perfectly
Qori answered the question smartly
The boss explain it clearly
- Modifying another adverb
Examples :
My team work very totally
- Modifying a verb
Examples :
He looks perfectly
Qori answered the question smartly
The boss explain it clearly
- Modifying an adjective
Examples :
Today she is very beautifull
The concert is very cool
Last year his weight was very big
- Modifying another adverb
Examples :
My team work very totally
Anto sings very loudly
He runs very quickly
Refference:
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/prepositions
